Consuelo Mack has long admired the expertise of Rebalance Investment Committee Member Charley Ellis, frequently featuring him on her acclaimed show, WealthTrack. Charley’s insights on investing and retirement planning have shaped the way countless individuals think about their financial futures. So, when he released his latest book, Rethinking Investing, Consuelo knew it was a must-discuss topic and invited him back to share his wisdom with her audience.

In their conversation, Charley outlined the core principles of Rethinking Investing—a simple, practical approach that cuts through complexity and helps investors focus on what really drives long-term success. He emphasized the same fundamentals that guide Rebalance’s investment philosophy: disciplined saving, low-cost investing, and avoiding common behavioral mistakes that can derail financial plans.

For Consuelo and her viewers, this episode was a valuable deep dive into the kind of smart, research-backed investing that Rebalance champions. Charley’s decades of experience and his ability to make investing both accessible and actionable made for an enlightening discussion.

February 14, 2025

Rebalance Founding Shareholder and Investment Committee Member Shares Core Investment Principles, Including the Provocative Advice That Investing One’s Age in Bonds is Outdated Guidance

February 11, 2025—New Haven, CT—Dr. Charles D. Ellis, a legend in the investing world, former Yale Professor, and founding shareholder and Investment Committee member of award-winning wealth management firm, Rebalance, publishes his 21st book today, “Rethinking Investing.”

“Rethinking Investing” offers a fresh, practical solution to a fundamental challenge faced by all investors: achieving a steady, reliable flow of income at the highest level. In just 100 pages, Ellis embeds a recipe for long-term investing success. He redefines “long-term” as six decades, rather than six months, and highlights the power of compounding over time. He also advocates for low-cost index funds, which typically charge just 5 basis points.

“This investing strategy is what my family follows, what our Church implements, and it includes the most important elements of the Yale endowment investment strategy, shaped by David Swensen’s remarkable leadership,” Ellis said. “Thanks to indexing, this solution is easy for everyone to adopt.”

In this book, Ellis suggests looking at your financial assets in a whole new light. He recommends changing how you view your home, social security benefits, and other assets, especially ones that act as bond equivalents. “’Investing one’s age in bonds’ is not always wise, because it ignores the reality that one’s Total Financial Portfolio already has substantial bond equivalents.”

 Charley is an investing luminary, and we are honored to have him as part of the Rebalance team since 2012,” said Scott Puritz, Rebalance Managing Director. “Rethinking Investing is a short but brilliant book, and a must-read for anyone who cares about investing.” 

Published by Wiley, Rethinking Investing is available now for purchase on Amazon for $18.

 

About Rebalance 

Rebalance, with offices in Bethesda, Md., and Palo Alto, Calif., manages over $1.5 billion for 600+ clients nationwide. Named a Top RIA Firm by Forbes and Best Financial Advisory Firm by USA Today in 2023, Rebalance combines world-class investment management, tailored financial planning, and prudent financial advice. Featured by NPR, CNN, The Wall Street JournalThe New York Times, and others, Rebalance is committed to building long-term financial security for individuals and their families.

The Rebalance Investment Committee features Managing Directors Mitch Tuchman and Scott Puritz, and top leaders in the investment world, including Princeton Professor Emeritus Burton Malkiel, author of A Random Walk Down Wall Street, and Dr. Charles Ellis, former Chairman of the Yale Endowment Investment Committee. Joining them are Kristi Craig, Chief Investment Officer for the $1.4 billion National Geographic endowment, and Jay Vivian, who led the $100+ billion IBM fund’s shift to passive investing. Together, these experts shape Rebalance’s client portfolios with proven, hands-on expertise.

Author Charles Ellis, one of the investment world’s greatest thinkers, recently released Rethinking Investing – offering a fresh, practical solution to a fundamental challenge faced by all investors: achieving a steady, reliable flow of income at the highest level.

PALO ALTO, Calif. & BETHESDA, Md. —July 12, 2024— The Washington Business Journal recently ranked Rebalance as the thirtieth largest wealth management firm of 2024 in its list of Largest Wealth Management Firms.

 

About Rebalance 

Rebalance is an award-winning investment firm that provides its clients with access to a fundamentally different and better set of investment options. For individual consumers, Rebalance360 combines world-class investing, financial planning, and personalized advice into a powerful and transformative approach to wealth management. Small business clients trust the firm’s BetterK offering to help them reduce their 401(k) fees by up to 50%, improve employee participation, and “bring alive” employer-based retirement savings plans.

The firm’s innovative solutions and team leadership have been profiled in such top-tier media outlets as The Wall Street Journal, CNBC, FOX Business, NPR, The New York Times, MSNBC, PBS and CBS among others. In 2015, the U.S Senate invited Managing Director Scott Puritz to testify regarding new fiduciary rules designed to make the investments of Americans safer, and he is the only financial advisor in the U.S. ever to testify on such an important issue. In 2018, Rebalance was honored by Schwab’s Pacesetter IMPACT Award™ for Innovation and Growth.

The Rebalance Investment Committee is anchored by four of the most respected experts in the finance world: Professor Emeritus Burton Malkiel, the world-renowned Senior Economist at Princeton University and author of A Random Walk Down Wall Street; Dr. Charley Ellis, the former longtime chairman of the Yale University Endowment; Jay Vivian, the former Managing Director of IBM’s $100+ billion in retirement investment funds for more than 300,000 employees worldwide; and Kristi Craig, CFA, the first-ever Chief Investment Officer of the National Geographic Society, where she oversees a $1.4 billion endowment.

Rebalance is headquartered in Bethesda, Md. and Palo Alto, Calif., currently serves more than 600 clients and manages more than $1 billion of their financial assets.

PALO ALTO, Calif. & BETHESDA, Md. —July 12, 2024— Financial Advisor Magazine recently revealed its 2024 list of the 50 Fastest Growing RIAs in the U.S., and Rebalance is thrilled to announce that we’ve been ranked as the 3rd fastest-growing firm.

 

About Rebalance 

Rebalance is an award-winning investment firm that provides its clients with access to a fundamentally different and better set of investment options. For individual consumers, Rebalance360 combines world-class investing, financial planning, and personalized advice into a powerful and transformative approach to wealth management. Small business clients trust the firm’s BetterK offering to help them reduce their 401(k) fees by up to 50%, improve employee participation, and “bring alive” employer-based retirement savings plans.

The firm’s innovative solutions and team leadership have been profiled in such top-tier media outlets as The Wall Street Journal, CNBC, FOX Business, NPR, The New York Times, MSNBC, PBS and CBS among others. In 2015, the U.S Senate invited Managing Director Scott Puritz to testify regarding new fiduciary rules designed to make the investments of Americans safer, and he is the only financial advisor in the U.S. ever to testify on such an important issue. In 2018, Rebalance was honored by Schwab’s Pacesetter IMPACT Award™ for Innovation and Growth.

The Rebalance Investment Committee is anchored by four of the most respected experts in the finance world: Professor Emeritus Burton Malkiel, the world-renowned Senior Economist at Princeton University and author of A Random Walk Down Wall Street; Dr. Charley Ellis, the former longtime chairman of the Yale University Endowment; Jay Vivian, the former Managing Director of IBM’s $100+ billion in retirement investment funds for more than 300,000 employees worldwide; and Kristi Craig, CFA, the first-ever Chief Investment Officer of the National Geographic Society, where she oversees a $1.4 billion endowment.

Rebalance is headquartered in Bethesda, Md. and Palo Alto, Calif., currently serves more than 600 clients and manages more than $1 billion of their financial assets.

PALO ALTO, Calif. & BETHESDA, Md. —August 16, 2024— The Silicon Valley Business Journal recently unveiled its 2024 list of Largest Wealth Management Firm in Silicon Valley. Rebalance is excited to announce that the firm has been has been ranked as the 22nd largest firm in Silicon Valley.

 

About Rebalance 

Rebalance is an award-winning investment firm that provides its clients with access to a fundamentally different and better set of investment options. For individual consumers, Rebalance360 combines world-class investing, financial planning, and personalized advice into a powerful and transformative approach to wealth management. Small business clients trust the firm’s BetterK offering to help them reduce their 401(k) fees by up to 50%, improve employee participation, and “bring alive” employer-based retirement savings plans.

The firm’s innovative solutions and team leadership have been profiled in such top-tier media outlets as The Wall Street Journal, CNBC, FOX Business, NPR, The New York Times, MSNBC, PBS and CBS among others. In 2015, the U.S Senate invited Managing Director Scott Puritz to testify regarding new fiduciary rules designed to make the investments of Americans safer, and he is the only financial advisor in the U.S. ever to testify on such an important issue. In 2018, Rebalance was honored by Schwab’s Pacesetter IMPACT Award™ for Innovation and Growth.

The Rebalance Investment Committee is anchored by four of the most respected experts in the finance world: Professor Emeritus Burton Malkiel, the world-renowned Senior Economist at Princeton University and author of A Random Walk Down Wall Street; Dr. Charley Ellis, the former longtime chairman of the Yale University Endowment; Jay Vivian, the former Managing Director of IBM’s $100+ billion in retirement investment funds for more than 300,000 employees worldwide; and Kristi Craig, CFA, the first-ever Chief Investment Officer of the National Geographic Society, where she oversees a $1.4 billion endowment.

Rebalance is headquartered in Bethesda, Md. and Palo Alto, Calif., currently serves more than 600 clients and manages more than $1 billion of their financial assets.

Planning for retirement is very personal. Some people prefer to manage their own investments and plans, whereas others would much rather hand over this incredibly important task to a trusted professional. Regardless of which side you are on, there are a number of common mistakes often made by individuals and small business owners, which have a profound impact. The key aspects to help you avoid these mistakes are keeping costs low, avoiding risk and understanding the importance of working with a fiduciary.

Keeping Costs Low

The 401(k) Averages Book found that employees at a ten-person small business could pay annual fees of up to 1.92% of assets under management (AUM) on their 401(k) account. The percentage you are charged is based on your total balance, and comes right out of your investment return or performance. As a result, fees of 2% will eat up a far greater portion of your investment return in any given year versus a more reasonable number for fees.

This also means that if the markets are flat or even decreasing, then your 401(k) balance declines at a much higher rate, regardless of how much you’re adding to your retirement plan. Therefore, fee reduction is an important goal for any small business owner or individual looking to keep more of their money working for them.The largest U.S. firms enjoy total 401(k) fees or costs of under 1%; however, small businesses, like many veterinary practices, have historically found it difficult to compete with this—until recently. Thankfully, fundamental changes to the small business 401(k) market have brought in better, more modern approaches to retirement planning.

It is essential that any business owner review their plan and ask their provider if current fees are in line with the market. For example, if you are paying 3% of your assets under management every year in fees and it is reduced to 1% or lower, this directly translates to higher balances for you and your valued employees. With compound interest taken into account, this seemingly small change can have a dramatic impact on your financial future. And, these lower fees tend to lead to increased staff retention and satisfaction, as they see less of their retirement savings being withdrawn as fees on an annual basis.

Veterinarians with individual retirement plans should consider reassessing their fees as well. If you are paying fees 2.5%+ of assets under management while seeing poor returns, this may leave your savings stagnating rather than growing. There are many options for individuals in the market that sit under 1% of assets under management.

Avoiding Risk

Investing ideology makes an enormous difference in retirement planning. Investing in a broad range of EFTs/index funds and owning a share of the entire market, rather than individual stocks, is a far safer and often more lucrative method of investing.Even Warren Buffett, one of the greatest investing minds in history, encourages investors large and small to focus on low-cost index funds. He famously declared, “By periodically investing in an index fund, the know-nothing investors can actually outperform most investment professionals.”

Working with a Fiduciary

It is also advisable to work with a fiduciary as opposed to a broker because a fiduciary has the legal responsibility to act in your best interest. They work for annual fees rather than commissions and offer advice and guidance with the goal of benefiting you, rather than themselves or their firms. Using broker-dealers to actively manage individual stocks and shares can increase the cost of your retirement planning, as they take a commission on anything bought and sold, and there are conflicts of interest rampant in these arrangements. There is overwhelming evidence that, in the long term, passive investing through index funds/ETFs with a low-fee manager leaves you with more money for your retirement.Being a financial advisor does not make someone a fiduciary, so make sure that you can confirm—preferably in writing—before deciding to work with a firm. This is especially important for veterinary practice owners that have a 401(k) plan for staff. If your plan provider is not a fiduciary, then it is you, the veterinary practice owner, not the 401(k) plan provider, who is liable for any breach of fiduciary responsibilities.

In the case of “legacy” 401(k) plans, it is unlikely that the provider will act as the fiduciary automatically, despite charging higher fees. This is almost certainly the case if your 401(k) provider is a payroll company or a large bank. The result of this could be that the veterinary practice owner is held responsible for restoring plan losses and costs associated with any inappropriate actions committed, even if these issues were caused by a stockbroker. Moving to a fiduciary structure will reduce your risk, ensure that the advisor is working in your best interest and should lower fees dramatically.

Self-Management

If you manage your own retirement planning, consider the benefits of working with professional retirement planners. Letting go and having someone else control your money is hard, but you can save dozens of hours annually if you work with a fiduciary who will also manage IRS reporting and other compliance requirements. There is also evidence that those who take a hands-off approach to retirement planning and “set and forget” (set a percentage of their salary to go straight into their managed 401(k) plan) tend to outperform those who actively manage their own stocks and bonds.Make sure that you have a financial plan and stick to it, cut your fees, and make sure that you are getting a good rate of return. If you commit yourself to planning for retirement today, your future self will surely thank you.

  • A New Hampshire couple who are 28 years old are trying to retire by age 35.
  • Aggressive saving and a “house-hacking” strategy have grown their net worth to over $1,000,000.
  • They’re pursuing a FIRE lifestyle with the goal of eventually becoming full-time parents.

In 2019, at the age of 23, Lauren Simpson and her husband Ian decided to pursue an ambitious goal: retire by age 35.

Over the last five years, the New Hampshire-based couple, now aged 28, has grown their net worth from less than $100,000 to an estimated $1,000,000 as of June 2025, according to documents viewed by Business Insider. Through a combination of savings, investments, and passive income via rental properties, they hope to be able to spend up to $150,000 a year in their decades of retirement.

Simpson said the FIRE movement, which she first learned about in 2019, was a key inspiration for her and Ian’s retirement goal — FIRE is an acronym for “financial independence, retire early.” While some people in the couple’s lives are skeptical that their goal is achievable, they remain confident.

“The way we see it, 50-year-olds panic that they have not yet saved enough and that they have only 10 to 15 years before retirement — they aggressively save and end up retiring,” Simpson said. “Rather than panicking at 50, we did it at 23.”

Many Americans are struggling to save for retirement, but the FIRE movement has offered some people a blueprint for achieving financial security. While the methods and goals of FIRE advocates vary widely, some save most of their income, take on side hustles, or delay costly life milestones like having kids. While the FIRE movement isn’t for everyone, experts say some of its general principles — like the benefits of saving and investing at a young age to take advantage of compounded investment returns — are applicable to a wide audience.

Simpson shared her and Ian’s top strategies for improving their finances and why one of their ultimate goals is to become “full-time parents.”

 

“House hacking” has helped them grow their wealth

Simpson works in financial services as a marketing director and Ian works in IT as an asset manager — they both make six figures annually. Roughly $350,000 of their net worth is from retirement accounts like a 401(k) or Roth IRA.

The rest is from the equity they’ve built in four properties they’ve purchased over the last three years: one primary residence and three rental properties. Their $834,000 net worth includes Zillow estimates of current property values. These properties also provide the couple with rental income that they put toward their savings.

In 2021, the couple, both of whom work remotely, moved from Florida to New Hampshire. Simpson said Florida offered the perk of no state income tax but that it was “way too hot.” New Hampshire has no income or sales tax, more desirable weather, and housing that was in their budget.

Given the housing market was so competitive, Simpson said they made an offer sight-unseen — their first time ever visiting New Hampshire was for the home inspection.

In addition to their primary residence, the couple’s real estate portfolio consists of two multi-family properties and a single-family property. To afford their three investment properties — each of which is located in New Hampshire — Simpson said she and Ian have used a creative “house hacking” strategy to minimize their down payments.

When someone buys a second home or investment property, mortgage lenders often require a downpayment of at least 10%. But when someone buys an owner-occupied property — one they’re moving into — they can sometimes qualify for a down payment of 5% or lower.

To qualify for a lower, owner-occupied down payment, the couple had to live in each property for at least one year. For the last three years, they’ve moved every 12 months.

“Moving was a necessary evil to get so many properties for so little down,” she said.

While this strategy requires taking on a significant debt burden and can come with significant private mortgage insurance costs, Simpson said the rental income from their properties and rising home values have helped make it profitable.

In addition to buying investment properties, Simpson said she and Ian have done whatever they can to grow their savings.

“As we’ve advanced in our careers and earned raises, our budget has grown, but our savings rate goal — 70% — has stayed the same,” Simpson said, referring to the percentage of their income they aim to save annually.

Despite their financial progress, the couple has encountered some challenges along the way. They had their first child last November, something that has put pressure on their savings.

“A NICU bill and other medical expenses dropped our savings rate to 60% in 2023,” Simpson said. “So it is a moving target now that we have a baby to take care of, but ultimately our son is who we are doing all of this for.”

 

Retiring early would make it possible to become “full-time parents”

Simpson said one of the biggest reasons she and her husband want to retire early is so they can be “full-time parents.”

Growing up, she said her parents dedicated “all of their time” to her and her siblings. But once they became empty nesters, they realized they “didn’t have a lot in common” and ended up getting a divorce, she added.

In comparison, Ian’s parents spent more time prioritizing their relationship. They didn’t “attend every extracurricular activity” or “coach the little league baseball team.”

“When my husband and I talked about the merits of both parenting styles, we realized that we wanted to do both,” Simpson said. “FIRE gave us the opportunity to do that.”

By retiring early, they’d have enough time to dedicate to their children and each other.

“We see money as a means to build connections and foster family,” Simpson said. “Money isn’t meant to be buried under a mattress or hoarded like acorns.”

Over the course of a career, the high fees and a lower-quality menu of investment options found in some plans can shrink your balance significantly.

Chris Gentry is meticulous about his craft — he’s a professional woodworker at a small company in Brooklyn, N.Y., that makes custom dining and coffee tables, cabinets and interiors.

He creates pieces on his own from start to finish and enjoys that freedom. “It’s nice to have control over the way something should be done,” he said.

Mr. Gentry, 36, is equally conscientious about saving for retirement. He has contributed the maximum allowable amounts to his employer’s 401(k) plan over the past two years and also topped out a Roth individual retirement account. He hopes to buy an apartment and start a family soon with his partner. “It seems like all that will be expensive, so I’m trying to get an early start on retirement savings while I can,” he said. Between the two accounts, he has managed to save $80,000.

His employer kicks in a generous 5 percent of his salary to the 401(k) no matter how much Mr. Gentry contributes. But he worries about the plan’s high-cost mutual funds. “They’re expensive compared with what I can get in the I.R.A.,” he said. He even wonders if he should contribute to the plan at all. “I’m not sure how to determine at what point the fees become so expensive that the benefits of the 401(k) are outweighed by the fees.”

Fees are one of the most important factors of successful retirement investing. They determine how much ends up in your pocket after mutual funds and 401(k) plan providers take their cut. The bite especially hurts younger workers, who face the risk that high fees will compound over time.

Fees compound in the same way that returns compound,” said Scott Puritz managing director at Rebalance, a firm that often works with clients on 401(k) rollovers and advises companies on ways to improve their plans. “People are numb to the differences, but it’s a major determinant of long-term returns.

Costs are usually much higher in plans sponsored by small businesses, like the 10-person firm where Mr. Gentry works. His plan doesn’t offer low-cost passive index fund choices. He is invested solely in a target date fund made up of actively managed mutual funds that have lagged the overall market’s returns during the past decade. The fund charges an annual expense fee of just over 1 percent.

That amount is typical for small plans, according to data compiled for the 401(k) Averages Book, which surveys companies that provide plans to employers. For example, the survey shows that among plans with 10 participants and $1 million in assets, average investment costs are 1.10 percent. At larger firms, those fees are far lower: At companies with 1,000 to 5,000 plan participants, target date fund fees average just 0.33 percent, according to data compiled by the Investment Company Institute and BrightScope. (Target date funds shift gradually toward bonds from stocks as a worker approaches an expected date for retirement.)

It’s not unusual for small plans to carry total expenses far higher. “We often see plans that charge 2 or 3 percent all in — sometimes more,Mr. Puritz said.

A key reason for the varying amount of fees is the fixed costs of administering a plan and how those costs are spread across companies of different sizes. “If I have a small coffee shop plan with $100,000 in assets, the costs are spread across fewer people compared with a very large company,” said Joe Valletta, principal with Pension Data Source, which publishes the 401(k) Averages Book. “The big plan has higher fixed costs, but it’s spread over a lot more employees and a larger asset base.”

Mr. Gentry is fortunate to work for an employer that offers any kind of plan. Only about half of private-sector U.S. workers are covered by an employer retirement plan at any given time, and the gap is driven by lower participation in the system by small employers, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. Workers often gain and lose coverage as they change jobs.

The coverage gap helps explain why many workers reach retirement with savings unlikely to last the rest of their lives. According to the Federal Reserve, the median retirement account holdings for workers aged 55 to 64 years old was $185,000 in 2022.

But fees also play a leading role, especially for young workers who face the compound effects over many years of saving. The difference in account balances when they retire can be staggering.

The New York Times worked with Rebalance to create a hypothetical example, illustrating the career-long effect of plans with a variety of fee levels.

We considered a 28-year-old worker with a starting salary of $75,000 who saves diligently in her 401(k) account throughout her career. She contributes 6 percent of her salary annually and receives a 3 percent matching contribution from her employer. The scenario shows the effect of what she will have at three possible retirement ages. At 65, her portfolio is nearly 66 percent smaller in a high-cost plan compared with the lowest.

 

 

Over the course of a career, the high fees and a lower-quality menu of investment options found in some plans can shrink your balance significantly.

Chris Gentry is meticulous about his craft — he’s a professional woodworker at a small company in Brooklyn, N.Y., that makes custom dining and coffee tables, cabinets and interiors.

He creates pieces on his own from start to finish and enjoys that freedom. “It’s nice to have control over the way something should be done,” he said.

Mr. Gentry, 36, is equally conscientious about saving for retirement. He has contributed the maximum allowable amounts to his employer’s 401(k) plan over the past two years and also topped out a Roth individual retirement account. He hopes to buy an apartment and start a family soon with his partner. “It seems like all that will be expensive, so I’m trying to get an early start on retirement savings while I can,” he said. Between the two accounts, he has managed to save $80,000.

His employer kicks in a generous 5 percent of his salary to the 401(k) no matter how much Mr. Gentry contributes. But he worries about the plan’s high-cost mutual funds. “They’re expensive compared with what I can get in the I.R.A.,” he said. He even wonders if he should contribute to the plan at all. “I’m not sure how to determine at what point the fees become so expensive that the benefits of the 401(k) are outweighed by the fees.”

Fees are one of the most important factors of successful retirement investing. They determine how much ends up in your pocket after mutual funds and 401(k) plan providers take their cut. The bite especially hurts younger workers, who face the risk that high fees will compound over time.

Fees compound in the same way that returns compound,” said Scott Puritz managing director at Rebalance, a firm that often works with clients on 401(k) rollovers and advises companies on ways to improve their plans. “People are numb to the differences, but it’s a major determinant of long-term returns.

Costs are usually much higher in plans sponsored by small businesses, like the 10-person firm where Mr. Gentry works. His plan doesn’t offer low-cost passive index fund choices. He is invested solely in a target date fund made up of actively managed mutual funds that have lagged the overall market’s returns during the past decade. The fund charges an annual expense fee of just over 1 percent.

That amount is typical for small plans, according to data compiled for the 401(k) Averages Book, which surveys companies that provide plans to employers. For example, the survey shows that among plans with 10 participants and $1 million in assets, average investment costs are 1.10 percent. At larger firms, those fees are far lower: At companies with 1,000 to 5,000 plan participants, target date fund fees average just 0.33 percent, according to data compiled by the Investment Company Institute and BrightScope. (Target date funds shift gradually toward bonds from stocks as a worker approaches an expected date for retirement.)

It’s not unusual for small plans to carry total expenses far higher. “We often see plans that charge 2 or 3 percent all in — sometimes more,Mr. Puritz said.

A key reason for the varying amount of fees is the fixed costs of administering a plan and how those costs are spread across companies of different sizes. “If I have a small coffee shop plan with $100,000 in assets, the costs are spread across fewer people compared with a very large company,” said Joe Valletta, principal with Pension Data Source, which publishes the 401(k) Averages Book. “The big plan has higher fixed costs, but it’s spread over a lot more employees and a larger asset base.”

Mr. Gentry is fortunate to work for an employer that offers any kind of plan. Only about half of private-sector U.S. workers are covered by an employer retirement plan at any given time, and the gap is driven by lower participation in the system by small employers, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. Workers often gain and lose coverage as they change jobs.

The coverage gap helps explain why many workers reach retirement with savings unlikely to last the rest of their lives. According to the Federal Reserve, the median retirement account holdings for workers aged 55 to 64 years old was $185,000 in 2022.

But fees also play a leading role, especially for young workers who face the compound effects over many years of saving. The difference in account balances when they retire can be staggering.

The New York Times worked with Rebalance to create a hypothetical example, illustrating the career-long effect of plans with a variety of fee levels.

We considered a 28-year-old worker with a starting salary of $75,000 who saves diligently in her 401(k) account throughout her career. She contributes 6 percent of her salary annually and receives a 3 percent matching contribution from her employer. The scenario shows the effect of what she will have at three possible retirement ages. At 65, her portfolio is nearly 66 percent smaller in a high-cost plan compared with the lowest.